随筆 | Daisaku-ji Activities　 "大さく爺" の元気な老人活動

[30] 随筆枯草庵残光記２７６「便秘考要約版５」　　Karekusa-an Znkouki276 "Constipation Summary Version 5"

< Japanese Version >

< English Version >

[29] 随筆「メタンの温室効果」　　"The Greenhouse Effect of Methane"

枯草庵残光記「メタンの温室効果」（2014年11月30日）

　メタン（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｅ；ＣＨ４）は二酸化炭素に次ぐ地球温暖化に及ぼす影響が大きい温室効果ガスであり、メタンのC-H共有結合は太陽からの赤外線を強く吸収してそのエネルギーを外部に放出し結果として地球を温める働きがあるため、地球温暖化に大きな影響を与えている。ＩＰＣＣ（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change；気候変動に関する政府間パネル）の第５次評価報告書によると、その地球温暖化への寄与は同じ量の二酸化炭素の28倍で温室効果の比率はCO2が65%、CH4が16%だそうだ。但し、この数字はガスの単位重量あたりの温室効果であって、温暖化をもたらす効果は単位量あたりの温室効果と濃度増加のかけ算で決まるそうだ。このことから、温暖化に対して最大の寄与を示す二酸化炭素（CO2）の削減を急がなくては本質的な対策にならないそうだ。
　メタンの主な自然発生源は湿地・水田や白アリ等細菌の作用によるものと油田・天然ガス田から発生するもので、人為発生源は畜産（牛、ヤギ、ヒツジなどのげっぷ）、稲作（水田の地中から発生）、埋め立て、バイオマス燃焼等多岐にわたっている。この内最近油田・天然ガス田での化石燃料採掘時における大量発生が問題視されている。
メタンは温室効果ガスの一種で、メタンが温室効果を持つ理由は、①二酸化炭素に次いで地球温暖化に影響が大きい、②同じ重量で二酸化炭素よりも強い温室効果を持つ、③大気中での平均寿命は比較的短く、約12年だが、同じ重量であれば二酸化炭素よりも強い温室効果を持つ。

　メタンの他にも温暖化ガスがあり、一酸化二窒素（N2O）、フロン類、六フッ化硫黄（SF6）などCO2、CH4、N2O、HFC、PFC、SF6　等の削減が同時に叫ばれているが、これらについては別の機会に説明したい。

　Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas that has the second largest impact on global warming after carbon dioxide, and its C-H covalent bond strongly absorbs infrared rays from the sun and releases that energy to the outside, which results in warming the earth, and therefore has a major impact on global warming. 　According to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), methane's contribution to global warming is 28 times that of the same amount of carbon dioxide, and the ratio of greenhouse effects is 65% for CO2 and 16% for CH4.　However, this figure is the greenhouse effect per unit weight of gas, and the effect on global warming is apparently determined by multiplying the greenhouse effect per unit amount by the increase in concentration. For this reason, it seems that a fundamental measure will not be taken unless we hurry to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2), which has the greatest contribution to global warming. 　The main natural sources of methane are from the action of bacteria such as wetlands, rice paddies and termites, and from oil fields and natural gas fields, while anthropogenic sources are diverse, including livestock farming (burps from cows, goats, sheep, etc.), rice cultivation (produced underground in rice paddies), landfilling, and biomass burning.　

　Of these, the large amounts of methane generated during fossil fuel extraction in oil and natural gas fields have recently become a problem. 　Methane is a type of greenhouse gas, and the reasons it has a greenhouse effect are: 1) it has the second largest impact on global warming after carbon dioxide. 　2) it has a stronger greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide for the same weight, and 　3) its average lifespan in the atmosphere is relatively short, about 12 years, but for the same weight it has a stronger greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide.

　There are other greenhouse gases besides methane, such as nitrous oxide (N2O), fluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and there are calls for the reduction of CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, etc., but I would like to explain these on another occasion.

•

[28] 随筆最近の人権問題の多様化　　”Recent diversification of human rights issues”

差別の内容は年々多様化し変化している
　今年私は居住地区自治会の人権教育推進委員を拝命しているが、最近この委員の役割の内容が変化してきた。すなわち、住民に対して講演会や冊子の配布を通して住民から部落差別などの悪弊を排しようと言うのが元々の行政的な狙いであったが、最近部落差別の認識レベルが住民から薄れハラスメント。言葉使いなど職場や学校やクラブ活動での差別に対象が多様化し焦点が当たって変化して、委員の役割・仕事も変わって来た。その原因の一つが大学社会学部での差別についての研究が盛んとなり、差別の種類や原因の解析が精細～正確になってきたことが上げられるだろう。

多数派と少数派による意識的な差別
　差別はある価値観についての多数派（Maority）と少数派（Minority）が存在することで生まれる。部落差別はマイクロアグレッション（通常良く行われるような言動または環境による軽蔑であり、意図するかしないかに拘わらず敵意・軽蔑・マイナスイメージ・侮辱を部落の人々に伝えること）であり、結果として少数派の被害者に精神的な多大の悪影響を与えている。同じような差別は、人種差別・在日外国人差別・性的差別（セクハラ）・障害者差別・介護差別・性差別などでも見られる。

無意識下の思い込み（アンコンシャス・バイアス）による差別
　先日聞いた人権教育の教育講演で「アンコン語」なる新しい用語が出て来て戸惑ったが、これは「無意識のうちに思い込んで、悪気もなく相手に言ってしまう言葉が、実は相手にとって違和感~差別感を抱いたり傷ついたりしている……。そんな言葉のことをアンコンシャス・バイアス（unconscious bias；無意識の思い込み）語、通称「アンコン語」と言い下記の様な沢山の例があるが、人権問題とし専門家に取り上げられている。最近の人権問題は大学で社会学部が研究を活発化していることもあって多様化・細分化が進んでいる様だ。
例えば、

　①「社会人になっても実家暮らしなんて甘やかされているよね」

　②「家事がしやすい間取りは奥さんが喜ぶね」

　③「女性が家を買うなんてすごい！」

　④「夫婦で新しい家を探すなら子供部屋も考えておかないと」

　⑤「同棲ってことは結婚するんでしょ」

　⑥「キッチンは女性が使うものだよね」

　⑦「長男だからいずれ親と同居するでしょ」

　⑧「引越しは子供がかわいそう」

　⑨「都会に住んでいる人は冷たい」

　⑩「定年後は田舎でのんびり暮らすのが良いでしょう」

　⑪「子供がいないと老後は面倒を見てくれる人がいなくて大変」

　⑫「長男・長女なんだから介護をしなきゃ」

　⑬「親の介護は、子供がするものでしょ」

が「アンコン語」だと例に上げられていて、人の心を傷つけていないか・差別的でないかなど、気を付けようと注意が促されている。私の感覚では上の例①～⑬で言わないものは①、⑥、⑬くらいだと思うが「必ずしも」という条件付きで、他は日常的に会話に出てくると思われ、私も知人・友人との会話で自然の会話で使ってしまうかも知れない。

社会的～家庭内立場の強弱による差別
　家庭内幼児差別、パワハラ・マタハラ（マタニティハラスメント）・セクハラ・アカハラ（これら3種が三大ハランスメントと言われている）カスハラ・モラハラ（モラルハラスメント）・アルハラ（アルコールハラスメント）・アルバイトハラスメント・ジェンハラ（ジェンダ　ーハラスメント）・リスハラ（リストラハラスメント）・ジタハラ（時短ハラスメント）・エイハラ（エイジハラスメント）

The content of discrimination is becoming more diverse and changing year by year.

　This year, I have been appointed as the human rights education promotion committee member of the neighborhood association where I live, and recently the content of this committee member's role has changed. In other words, the original aim of the administration was to eliminate evils such as Buraku discrimination from residents through lectures and the distribution of pamphlets, but recently the level of awareness of Buraku discrimination among residents has diminished and harassment has begun. As the targets have become more diverse and focused on discrimination in the workplace, school, and club activities, such as language use, the roles and jobs of committee members have also changed. One of the reasons for this is that research on discrimination in university sociology departments has become more active, and analyzes of the types and causes of discrimination have become more detailed and accurate.

Conscious discrimination between majority and minority

　Discrimination arises from the existence of a majority and a minority regarding a certain set of values. Buraku discrimination is a microaggression (condescension caused by common words, actions, or circumstances that conveys hostility, contempt, negative images, and insults to Buraku people, whether intentionally or unintentionally), and as a result, a minority of It has a huge negative psychological impact on the victims of the sect. Similar discrimination can be seen in racial discrimination, discrimination against foreign residents in Japan, sexual discrimination (sexual harassment), discrimination against people with disabilities, discrimination against nursing care, sex discrimination, etc.

Discrimination due to unconscious bias

　In an educational lecture on human rights education that I heard the other day, I was confused when a new term called "uncon language'' came up.　This is words that we unconsciously assume and say to others without any malice, but actually feel strange to the other person.　Such words are called unconscious bias words, commonly known as "unconceived words", and there are many examples such as the following. , has been taken up by experts as a human rights issue. 　Human rights issues seem to be becoming more diverse and segmented in recent years, as sociology departments at universities are becoming more active in research.

For example,
① Living at home with your parents is a pity even after you become a member of society.
② My wife will be happy with the layout that makes it easy to do housework.
③ It's amazing that women buy houses!
④ Couples. If you're looking for a new house, you'll have to think about the children's room.
⑤ Living together means getting married, right?
⑥ The kitchen is for women, right?
⑦ As the eldest son, he will eventually live with his parents.　Right?
⑧ I feel sorry for the children when I move.
⑨ People who live in cities are cold.
⑩ It would be better to live a relaxing life in the countryside after retirement.
⑪ If you don't have children, it will be difficult because you won't have anyone to take care of you in your old age.
⑫ You have to take care of your parents because you are the eldest son or daughter.
⑬ It is up to children to take care of their parents.

　It has been cited as an example of ”uncon language,'' and people are urged to be careful not to hurt people's feelings or be discriminatory. 　In my opinion, the only things that should not be said in examples 1 to 13 above are 1, 6, and 13, but with the necessary condition, the others appear in everyday conversations, and I also know people who know them.　You might use it naturally in a conversation with a friend.

Social - Discrimination based on strength and weakness within the family

　Discrimination against children within the home, power harassment, maternity harassment, sexual harassment, and red harassment (these three types are said to be the three major harassments) .

　Kashara, moral harassment, and al-harassment (Alcohol Harassment), Part-time Job Harassment, Gen Harassment (Gender Harassment), Restructuring Harassment (Restructuring Harassment), Jita Harassment (Short Hours Harassment), Ei Harassment (Age Harassment)

[27] 随筆「和して同ぜず」　　“Harmony and not the same”

　「和して同ぜず－夫婦円満の秘訣」

　孔子は論語・子路の一節で「子曰く、君子は和して同ぜず、小人は同じて和せず」と教えている。この意味するところは、「君子は人と協調はするが、道理に外れたようなことや、主体性を失うようなことはしない。一方、相手の言うことに異を唱え、自身は道に外れたことを平気でやるのが小人である」、ということだと自分なりに解釈している。しかし、「和して同ぜず」の部分は「面従腹背」とも解されないこともないが、君主や近親・友人が道に外れたことをした場合は、命を賭して諌めるという意味で儒教思想に合致する。そして、この言葉の一部「和して同ぜず」は諺と言ってもよいレベルで世間に知られている。
　私の父方の姉である叔母・杉本はるが、結婚した直後の私達夫婦に対して「何でも“はい、はい”言うて相手の言うことを聞くんやで。いきなり逆ろうたらいかんで、碌なことないさけな。」と夫婦間や舅・姑をはじめ、広く人間関係の構築にとって大切なことであることを諭してくれた。相手の言うことに先ず「はい、はい」と聞く耳をもつことが思いやりであり、触れ合いであり、おもてなしであるということだろう。若い頃は教師をし、熱心なクリスチャンであり「ほととぎす」の歌人でもあった叔母のこの言葉には重みがあって、何故か私の心に棲みついて、処世訓の一つとして実践されてきた。
　「和して同ぜず」という言葉は、夫婦・家族・親族・友人・知人・近隣・職場・商売・世間・国際関係の何処でも通用する人間社会における普遍的な観念とみてよいかも知れない。
　話は変わって、松永久秀、明智光秀、荒木村重による織田信長への謀反は、主君に「和して同じる」という彼らの士道が、織田信長の傲慢・わがまま・思慮の欠如によってプライド（「武士の一分」）が深く傷つけられた結果「和して同ぜず」（面従腹背）に変化し、遂には「和せず同ぜず」（敵対）に至った結果だと思われる。「主君に忠節を尽くす」という侍の基本的理念である儒教思想は、主君がそれに応える力量と度量の持ち主で、君臣関係の和が良好に保たれることによって成り立っているものである。しかし、世襲制度では名君もいれば暗君もいる訳で、お家騒動の種は尽きず、封建制度や武士道というものも安泰な思想ではないのだろう。北朝鮮という世襲国家では一代目（金日成）のようなカリスマ性がない後継者の暗君がここ二代続き、現政権の行く末はそう長くはないように思われる。
　夫婦ではどうだろうか。結婚当初数年は盲目的に「同じて和する」であったはずである。子供ができて数歳になり夫婦の蜜月期間が過ぎる頃には、夫婦間の新鮮さが減少して倦怠期に入る。３０～４０代は夫婦とも互いの長所欠陥も大体把握した積りになって興味は薄れ、夫は仕事に、妻は育児（共稼ぎの場合は、育児に仕事）に没頭、ある時には「同じて和する」、また別の時には「同じて和せず」の共存・斑状態、別の言葉で言うと「戦略的互恵関係」になるのが普通ではないだろうか。
　夫が職を離れて給料というものがなくなり、年金を貰って家でブラブラ暮らすようになると、妻と同じ屋根の下で共に過ごす時間が急に増える。一方、妻は若い頃から続けられてきた友人・知人とのお喋り会や趣味の会・サークルなどで様々な情報と雑学を仕入れてきてそれなりに物怖じしなくなり、それとともに夫への免疫と言うか、抵抗力は強化されるのである。その結果、妻の顔面皮膚の厚みは年々増して鉄面皮となり、小言の語彙も蓄積され増える。年金生活に入ると、それまで大枚の給料を稼いでいた夫への畏怖は妻の中で急速に色褪せ、夫＝宿六の威信は急落して妻の論理性欠如の「小言」はやたら増えるようになる。
　妻の小言に対する夫の理論武装した理屈（妻に言わすと"屁理屈"らしい）に基づく抗弁なんぞは効き目は無く、妻の口先だけの攻撃の強さと粘着性は倍加している。こういう状況で夫が生き延びる術は、「着かず離れず、和して同ぜず」ということになるのであろうか。こんな状態で老夫婦は人生の終末期を迎えるのであろうか。

　In a passage from the Analects of Zilu, Confucius teaches, ``The Son says, ``Gentlemen are the same but not the same, and dwarfs are the same but not the same.'' 　What this means is, ``A gentleman cooperates with others, but he does not do anything that is unreasonable or loses his independence.On the other hand, he disagrees with what others say, and he himself does not follow the path. 　My own interpretation is that ``a dwarf is someone who doesn't mind doing something that is out of the ordinary.'' However, the part ``harmonize and do not be the same'' can also be interpreted as ``men, subordinates, and backs,'' but it is a Confucian idea that means that if a ruler, close relative, or friend does something out of the way, one would risk one's life to reprimand them matches. 　And part of this phrase, ``Harmonize and do the same'' is so well known that it can be called a proverb.

　My aunt Haru Sugimoto, who is my father's older sister, told me right after we got married, ``Say ``yes, yes'' to everything and listen to what the other person says.　 "It's not something you're good at," he said, admonishing us about the importance of building relationships with a wide range of people, including those between husband and wife, father-in-law, and mother-in-law. 　Listening to what the other person has to say, ``Yes, yes,'' is consideration, interaction, and hospitality. These words from my aunt, who was a teacher when she was young, a devout Christian, and a singer of the song ``Hototogisu'' have a deep meaning, and for some reason they have stuck with me, and have been put into practice as one of my life lessons.

　The phrase "harmonious but not the same" may be seen as a universal concept in human society that applies everywhere: couples, families, relatives, friends, acquaintances, neighborhoods, workplaces, business, society, and international relations. Changing the story, the rebellion against Oda Nobunaga by Hisashi Matsunaga, Mitsuhide Akechi, and Murashige Araki is due to the fact that their sense of ``harmony and equality'' with their master was due to Oda Nobunaga's arrogance, selfishness, and lack of thought. 　It is thought that this was the result of being deeply hurt by the ``one part of the samurai'', which changed to ``harmonize and do the same'' (men, subordinates, and sesho), and finally to ``harmony and do not do the same'' (enmity). 　Confucian philosophy, which is the basic samurai philosophy of ``being loyal to your lord,'' is based on the lord having the ability and fortitude to live up to his lord's needs, and the harmony in the relationship between the prince and his subjects being maintained.　However, in the hereditary system, there are good and bad princes, and there is no end to the seeds of family turmoil, and the feudal system and Bushido are probably not safe ideas either. 　In North Korea, a hereditary country, there have been two successive generations of successors who lack the charisma of the first generation (Kim Il-sung), and it seems that the current fate of the current government will not be long. 　What about couples? For the first few years of their marriage, they must have blindly thought, ``The same goes.'' 　When a child is a few years old and the honeymoon period has passed, the relationship between the couple loses its freshness and enters a period of boredom. 　In their 30s and 40s, both husband and wife begin to have a general understanding of each other's strengths and weaknesses, and their interest wanes.The husband is absorbed in work, the wife in childcare (in the case of both parents, childcare and work). 　Isn't it normal for the two countries to coexist and be patchy, or in other words, to have a mutually beneficial strategic relationship?

　When a husband leaves his job and has no salary, receives a pension and starts living at home, the time he spends with his wife under the same roof suddenly increases. 　On the other hand, the wife has acquired a variety of information and trivia through chats with friends and acquaintances, hobby groups, and circles that she has been having since she was young, and has become less fearful and has become immune to her husband, resistance is strengthened. 　As a result, his wife's facial skin has grown thicker and thicker over the years, and her vocabulary has also increased. 　When the wife entered pension life, the fear she had for her husband, who had been earning a large salary, rapidly faded, and the prestige of the husband (Yukuro) plummeted, and the wife's illogical "nagging" became increasingly common.　 It starts to increase.

　The husband's defenses against his wife's nagging based on well-armed logic (which sounds like ``arrogance'' to the wife) are ineffective, and the strength and tenacity of the wife's verbal attacks are doubling. 　I wonder if the husband's way to survive in such a situation is to ``never arrive, never leave, be in harmony and never be the same.'' Could an elderly couple reach the end of their lives in such a state?